Cartimandua and the Brigantes

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Cartimandua

Cartimandua or Cartismandua (ruled c. 43 – 69) was a queen of the Brigantes, a Celtic people in what is now Northern England, in the 1st century. She came to power around the time of the Roman conquest of Britain, and formed a large tribal agglomeration that became loyal to Rome. She is known exclusively from the work of a single Roman historian, Tacitus, though she appears to have been widely influential in early Roman Britain. Her name may be a compound of the Common Celtic roots *carti- "chase, expel, send"^[1] and *mandu-, "pony".^[2]

History

Although Cartimandua is first mentioned by Tacitus in AD 51, her rule over the Brigantes may have already been established when the emperor Claudius began the organized conquest of Britain in 43: she may have been one of the eleven "kings" who Claudius' triumphal arch says surrendered without a fight.^[3] If not, she may have come to power after a revolt of a faction of the Brigantes was defeated by Publius Ostorius Scapula in 48.^[4]

Of "illustrious birth" according to Tacitus,^[5] she probably inherited her power as she appears to have ruled by right rather than through marriage. She and her husband, Venutius, are described by Tacitus as loyal to Rome and "defended by our [Roman] arms". In 51 the British resistance leader Caratacus sought sanctuary with Cartimandua after being defeated by Ostorius Scapula in Wales, but Cartimandua handed him over to the Romans in chains.^[6]

Having given Claudius the greatest exhibit of his triumph, Cartimandua was rewarded with great wealth.^[5] She later divorced Venutius, replacing him with his armour-bearer, Vellocatus. In 57, although Cartimandua had seized and held his brother and other relatives hostage, Venutius made war against her and then against her Roman protectors. He built alliances outside the Brigantes, and during the governorship of Aulus Didius Gallus (52 - 57) he staged an invasion of the kingdom. The Romans had anticipated this and sent some cohorts to defend their client queen. The fighting was inconclusive until Caesius Nasica arrived with a legion, the IX Hispana, and defeated the rebels.

Cartimandua retained the throne thanks to prompt military support from Roman forces.^[7]

She was not so fortunate in 69. Taking advantage of Roman instability during the year of four emperors, Venutius staged another revolt, again with help from other nations. Cartimandua appealed for troops from the Romans, who were only able to send auxiliaries. Cartimandua was evacuated, leaving Venutius in control of a kingdom at war with Rome.^[5] After this, Cartimandua disappears from the sources.

Her life story is fictionalised in Barbara Erskine's novel Daughters of Fire.

Cartimandua's representation by Tacitus

In his moralising narratives the Annals and the Histories, Tacitus presents Cartimandua in a negative light. Although he refers to her loyalty to Rome, he invites the reader to judge her "treacherous" role in the capture of Caratacus, who had sought her protection;^[5] her "self-indulgence"^[5] her sexual impropriety in rejecting her husband in favour of a common soldier; and her "cunning strategems" in taking Venutius' relatives hostage.^[7] However, he also consistently names her as a queen (regina),^[5][6][7] the only one such known in early Roman Britain. Boudica, the only other female British leader of the period, is not described in these terms.

References

1. ^ Delamarre, Xavier. Dictionnaire de la Langue Gauloise, Editions Errance, 2003, p. 108.
2. ^ Delamarre, Xavier. Dictionnaire de la Langue Gauloise, Editions Errance, 2003, p. 215.
3. ^ Arch of Claudius
4. ^ Tacitus, Annals 12.32
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Tacitus, Histories 3.45
6. ^ ^{a b} Tacitus, Annals 12.36
7. ^ ^{a b c} Tacitus, Annals 12.40

Further reading

• Howarth, Nicki (2008), Cartimandua, Queen of the Brigantes (Stroud: The History Press).
• Salmonson, Jessica Amanda (1991), The Encyclopedia of Amazons, Paragon House, page 50
• Braund, David. Ruling Roman Britain: Kings, Queens, Governors, and Emperors from Julius Caesar to Agricola. (New York: Routledge, 1996).

The Brigantes

The Brigantes were a Celtic tribe who in pre-Roman times controlled the largest section of what would become Northern England, and a significant part of the Midlands. Their kingdom is sometimes called Brigantia, and it was centred in what was later known as Yorkshire. Ptolemy lists the Brigantes also as a tribe in Ireland, where they could be found around Wexford, Kilkenny and Waterford^[1] while another probably Celtic tribe named Brigantii is mentioned by Strabo as a sub-tribe of the Vindelici in the region of the Alps.^[2]

Within Great Britain, the territory which the Brigantes inhabited was bordered by that of four other Celtic tribes: the Carvetii (to whom they may have been related) in the North-West, the Parisii to the East and, to the South, the Corieltauvi and the Cornovii. To the North was the territory of the Votadini, which straddled the present day border between England and Scotland.

Etymology

The name Brigantes (Βρίγαντες) is cognate to that of the goddess Brigantia. The name is from a root meaning "high, elevated", and it is unclear whether settlements called Brigantium were so named as "high ones" in a metaphorical sense of nobility, or literally as "highlanders", referring to the Pennines, or inhabitants of physically elevated fortifications. (IEW, s.v. "bhereg'h-").

In modern Welsh the word braint means 'privilege, prestige' and comes from the same root brigantjā. Other cognates from the modern Celtic languages are: Welsh brenin 'king' (< *brigantīnos); Welsh/Cornish/Breton bri 'prestige, reputation, honour, dignity', Scottish Gaelic brìgh 'pith, power', Irish brí 'energy, significance', Manx bree 'power, energy' (all < *brīg-/brigj-); and Welsh/Cornish/Breton bre 'hill' (< *brigā). The name Bridget from Old Irish Brigit (Modern Irish Bríd) also comes from Brigantja, as does the English river name Brent.

There are several ancient settlements named Brigantium around Europe, such as Berganza in Alava (Spain), Betanzos and Bergondo in Galicia (Spain), Bragança in Portugal and Briançon and Bregenz in the Alps.^[3][4]

The Old Italian word brigante, whence English and French brigand and brigade, occurs in medieval Latin in the 14th century in the forms brigancii, brigantii, brigantini, brigantes (OED). Although an ultimate Celtic origin for the word is possible, any connection of the Italian term to the Celtic ethnonym seems unlikely since the Brigantes had not played any significant role in Italy and had disappeared as a people for some thousand years by the time the word is attested.

History

Romano-Brigantian Theatrical mask.

There are no written records of the Brigantes before the Roman conquest of Britain; it is therefore hard to assess how long they had existed as a political entity prior to that. Most key archaeological sites in the region seem to show continued, undisturbed occupation from an early date, so their rise to power may have been gradual rather than a sudden, dramatic conquest, or it may be linked to the burning of the large hill fort at Castle Hill, Huddersfield, c.430BC.^[5] Territorially the largest tribe in Britain, the Brigantes encompassed sub-tribes or septs such as the Gabrantovices on the Yorkshire Coast,^[6] and the Textoverdi^[7] further North near Hadrian's Wall.

The names Portus Setantiorum and Coria Lopocarum suggest other groups, the Setantii and the Lopocares located on the Lancashire coast and the River Tyne respectively. A name Corionototae^[8] is also recorded but since the name seems to derive from *Corion Toutas meaning "tribal army" or "people's army" it may have been a name for a military force or resistance against the Romans rather than any tribe or sub-tribe. The Carvetii may have been another sub-tribe, or they may have been separate from the Brigantes; they made up a separate civitas under Roman rule.

The Brigantes are attested in Ireland as well as Britain in Ptolemy's 2nd century Geographia,^[9] but it is not clear what link, if any, existed between the Irish and the British Brigantes.

During the Roman invasion, in 47 AD, the governor of Britain, Publius Ostorius Scapula, was forced to abandon his campaign against the Deceangli of North Wales because of "disaffection" among the Brigantes, whose leaders had been allies of Rome. A few of those who had taken up arms were killed and the rest were pardoned.^[10]

In 51, the defeated resistance leader Caratacus sought sanctuary with the Brigantian queen, Cartimandua, but she showed her loyalty to the Romans by handing him over in chains.^[11] She and her husband Venutius are described as loyal and "defended by Roman arms", but they later divorced, Venutius taking up arms first against his ex-wife, then her Roman protectors. During the governorship of Aulus Didius Gallus (52-57) he gathered an army and invaded her kingdom. The Romans sent troops to defend Cartimandua, and they defeated Venutius' rebellion.^[12]

After the divorce, Cartimandua married Venutius' armour-bearer, Vellocatus, and raised him to the kingship. Venutius staged another rebellion in 69, taking advantage of Roman instability in the Year of four emperors. This time the Romans were only able to send auxiliaries, who succeeded in evacuating Cartimandua but left Venutius and his anti-Roman supporters in control of the kingdom.^[13]
After the accession of Vespasian, Quintus Petillius Cerialis was appointed governor of Britain and the conquest of the Brigantes was begun.^[14] It seems to have taken many decades to complete. Gnaeus Julius Agricola (governor 78-84) appears to have engaged in warfare in Brigantian territory.^[15]

The Roman poet Juvenal, writing in the early 2nd century, depicts a Roman father urging his son to win glory by destroying the forts of the Brigantes.^[16] It is possible that one of the purposes of Hadrian's Wall (begun in 122) was to keep the Brigantes from making discourse with the tribes in what is now the lowlands of Scotland on the other side.

The emperor Antoninus Pius (138-161) is said by Pausanias to have defeated them after they began an unprovoked war against Roman allies,^[17] perhaps as part of the campaign that led to the building of the Antonine Wall (142-144).

Tacitus, in a speech put into the mouth of the Caledonian leader Calgacus, refers to the Brigantes, "under a woman's leadership", almost defeating the Romans.^[18]

Settlements

Ptolemy named nine principal poleis or towns belonging to the Brigantes, these were:

Latin name	Modern name	County
Epiacum	Whitley Castle	Northumberland
Vinovium	Binchester	County Durham
Caturactonium	Catterick	North Yorkshire
Calatum	Burrow, Lonsdale	Lancashire
Isurium Brigantum	Aldborough	North Yorkshire
Rigodunum	Castleshaw	Greater Manchester
Olicana	Ilkley	West Yorkshire
Eboracum	City of York	York
Cambodunum	Slack	West Yorkshire

Other settlements known in Brigantian territory include:

• Stanwick Iron Age Fortifications (North Yorkshire), near Darlington - one of the largest Iron Age settlements in Britain; probably^{[citation needed]} the site of Queen Cartimandua's court.
• Wincobank, on the border of Sheffield.
• Bremetenacum Veteranorum (Ribchester, Lancashire)
• Calcaria (Tadcaster, North Yorkshire) - mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary and the Ravenna Cosmography
• Luguvalium (Carlisle, Cumbria) - probably a settlement of the Carvetii
• Coria (Corbridge, Northumberland) - perhaps a settlement of the Lopocares

References

1. ^ "Celtic Ireland in the Iron Age". WesleyJohnston.com. 24 October 2007. http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/past/pre_norman_history/iron_age.html.
2. ^ Strabo, Geographia Book IV Chap. 6
3. ^ "The Brigantes". Roman-Britain.org. 24 October 2007. http://www.roman-britain.org/tribes/brigantes.htm.
4. ^ "Brigantium". Terra.es. 24 October 2007. http://personal.telefonica.terra.es/web/brigantium/brigantiumcity.htm.
5. ^ William Jones Varley, Castle Hill, Almondbury; A Brief Guide to the Excavations 1939-1972 Tolson Memorial Museum (1973)
6. ^ Ptolemy, Geographia II, 3, 4
7. ^ B. Collingwood & R.P. Wright (eds.) The Roman Inscriptions of Britain (1965) Oxford
8. ^ Mc Caul, John, Britanno-Roman Inscriptions with Critical Notes (1863)
9. ^ Ptolemy, Geographia 2.1, 2.2
10. ^ Tacitus, Annals 12.32
11. ^ Tacitus, Annals 12:36
12. ^ Tacitus, Annals 12:40
13. ^ Tacitus, Histories 3:45
14. ^ Tacitus, Agricola 17
15. ^ Tacitus, Agricola 20
16. ^ Juvenal, Satires 14.196
17. ^ Pausanias, Description of Greece 8.43.4
18. ^ Tacitus, Agricola 31

Further reading

• Branigan, Keith (1980). Rome and the Brigantes: the impact of Rome on northern England. University of Sheffield. ISBN 0-906090-04-0.
• Hartley, Brian (1988). The Brigantes. Sutton. ISBN 0-86299-547-7.

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